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[[File:RBR_T690_L84t_3vols.jpg|right|frame|Emerald green bookcloth. Courtesy, Winterthur Library, Printed Book and Periodical Collection]]
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[[File:RBR_T690_L84t_3vols.jpg|right|frame|Emerald green bookcloth on an 1852 imprint. Courtesy, Winterthur Library, Printed Book and Periodical Collection]]
  
The Winterthur Poison Book Project is an ongoing investigation initiated in April 2019 to explore the materiality of Victorian-era bookcloth, with a primary focus on the identification of potentially toxic pigments used as colorants.
+
The Winterthur Poison Book Project is an ongoing investigation to explore the materiality of Victorian-era publishers’ bindings, with a focus on the identification of potentially toxic pigments used as bookcloth colorants.  
  
Analysis of decorated, cloth-case, publisher’s bindings at Winterthur Library revealed starch-coated bookcloth colored with “emerald green,” or [https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/2981 copper acetoarsenite], an inorganic pigment known to be extremely toxic. This pigment’s popularity in England and the United States during the Victorian era is well documented. While the colorant was known to be widely used in textiles for home decoration and apparel, wallpaper, and toys, its use specifically in bookcloth has not been formally explored. Successful bookcloths were a closely guarded trade secret during the nineteenth century, limiting our current understanding of their materiality and manufacture. Conservation staff and interns at Winterthur Museum, Garden and Library conducted a survey of bookcloth pigments in order to correlate the presence of emerald green and other potentially toxic pigments with specific publishers and date ranges. The project initially focused on the library’s circulating collection, which poses a greater potential risk to patrons, and then expanded to include the rare book collection.  
+
==Toxic Bookcloth Colorants==
 +
Nearly 50% of the 19th-century, cloth-case bindings analyzed for this project to date contain lead in the bookcloth. Analysis of a range of bookcloth colors has also identified arsenic, barium, chromium, copper, iron, and mercury.
  
In December 2019, the Winterthur Library data set was further expanded in cooperation with The Library Company of Philadelphia, which has significant holdings of cloth-case publisher’s bindings.
+
* Continue reading below for more information on books bound with arsenic-containing emerald green bookcloth.
 +
* Visit [[Chrome Yellow Bookcloth]] for books bound with chromium-based chrome yellow bookcloth.
  
What differentiates this research project from others centered around arsenic-based pigments in library collections is threefold: first, the toxic pigment permeates the outer covering of Victorian-era, cloth-case publisher’s bindings; second, the large quantity of arsenic-based pigment present in bookcloth; and third, such mass-produced bindings may be commonly found in both special and circulating library collections across the United States and the United Kingdom.  
+
==General Handling Tips for 19th-Century Cloth-Case Bindings==
 +
No matter which pigments or dyes may be present, it is best practice to avoid ingesting anything or touching the face while handling 19th-century, cloth-bound books. It is also best practice to wash hands after handling books, especially before eating, drinking, or smoking.  
  
==General Handling Tips for Nineteenth-Century Cloth-Case Bindings==
+
[[File:Cr1874-vs-As1850.jpg|center|frame|At left, chromium green (chrome yellow + Prussian blue) bookcloth on an 1874 imprint; at right, emerald green bookcloth on an 1850 imprint. Courtesy, WUDPAC Study Collection and private owner.]]
Nearly 40% of the nineteenth-century cloth-case bindings analyzed for this project, to date, contain lead in the bookcloth. In addition to arsenic, analysis of a range of bookcloth colors has also identified barium, chromium, copper, iron, and mercury.  
 
  
No matter which pigments or dyes may be present, it is best practice to avoid ingesting anything or touching the face while handling nineteenth-century, cloth-bound books. It is also best practice to wash hands after handling books, especially before eating, drinking, or smoking.
+
==Emerald Green Bookcloth==
 +
In early 2019, analysis of 19th-century, cloth-case publishers’ bindings at Winterthur Library revealed bookcloth colored with “emerald green,” or [https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/2981 copper acetoarsenite], an inorganic pigment known to be extremely toxic. This pigment’s popularity in England and the United States during the Victorian era is well documented. While the colorant was known to be widely used in textiles for home decoration and apparel, wallpaper, and toys, its use specifically in bookcloth had not been formally explored. Successful commercial bookcloths were a closely guarded trade secret during the nineteenth century, limiting our current understanding of their materiality and manufacture.
 +
 
 +
Conservation staff and interns at Winterthur Museum, Garden and Library conducted an initial  survey of bookcloth pigments in the library’s circulating and rare book collections, later expanding their data set in cooperation with The Library Company of Philadelphia. Books published between 1837 and 1900, a time-period which aligns with the rising use of commercial bookcloth on publishers' case bindings, were analyzed with X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy. When arsenic and copper were detected together, Raman spectroscopy was used to confirm copper acetoarsenite.
 +
 
 +
The first 200 books tested represented a range of vivid bookcloth colors. Thereafter, only books covered in green cloth were selected for analysis, in order to focus on arsenic and move through the collection more efficiently. Now that analysis of green bindings is complete, other colors of bookcloth continue to be analyzed in stages.
 +
 
 +
Nearly 350 green cloth bindings in the collections of Winterthur and The Library Company of Philadelphia were analyzed. Two books procured from second-hand booksellers were also included in the testing, and were confirmed to contain emerald green. In total, 39 green cloth bindings were found to contain arsenic. Quantitative analysis performed at the University of Delaware Soil Testing Lab indicated that emerald green bookcloth colorant is extremely friable and offsets a significantly detectable amount of arsenic. Emerald green publishers’ bindings present a health risk to librarians, booksellers, collectors, and researchers, and should be identified, handled, and stored with caution.
  
 
==Trends in Use of Emerald Green Bookcloth==
 
==Trends in Use of Emerald Green Bookcloth==
Line 24: Line 33:
 
* English or American imprint
 
* English or American imprint
 
* Publication date primarily between 1840s-1860s
 
* Publication date primarily between 1840s-1860s
 +
* Variations on a morocco grain pattern are common, although other bookcloth grains have also been identified
  
 
We have developed a <b>color swatch bookmark</b> to aid in the visual identification of volumes potentially bound in emerald green bookcloth.
 
We have developed a <b>color swatch bookmark</b> to aid in the visual identification of volumes potentially bound in emerald green bookcloth.
Line 63: Line 73:
 
Should a disaster situation arise involving fire or water, the risks associated with arsenical bookcloth increase. These risks can be mitigated with disaster planning and labeling. Consider storing arsenical books together in one storage area which can be clearly labeled for disaster responders, in addition to item-level caution labels on individual enclosures. While proper PPE should always be worn during salvage, make sure the need for PPE when handling arsenical books is emphasized in written disaster plans.
 
Should a disaster situation arise involving fire or water, the risks associated with arsenical bookcloth increase. These risks can be mitigated with disaster planning and labeling. Consider storing arsenical books together in one storage area which can be clearly labeled for disaster responders, in addition to item-level caution labels on individual enclosures. While proper PPE should always be worn during salvage, make sure the need for PPE when handling arsenical books is emphasized in written disaster plans.
  
==Arsenical Books List==
+
==Arsenical Books Database==
 +
 
 +
In the 19th century, not every book from the same edition would have been bound identically. Therefore, it is possible to have a book of the same edition listed below, but which is not bound in emerald green bookcloth. We provide this table of books bound in emerald green bookcloth as a starting point from which other institutions and private collectors may consider their own collections. This table includes information collected from bookmark recipients about possible emerald green bindings, as well as more conclusive identification by Winterthur and other contributing institutions using instrumental analysis. To contribute data to the project, please read [[How To Submit Data to the Poison Book Project]].
 +
 
 +
<B>Identification Methods for Emerald Green Bookcloth</B>
 +
 
 +
''X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF)''
  
In the nineteenth century, not every book from the same edition would have been bound identically. Therefore, it is possible to have a book of the same edition listed below, but which is not bound in emerald green bookcloth. We provide this list of books that we have found to contain arsenic as a starting point from which other institutions and private collectors may consider their own collections. This table was last updated on July 30, 2021.  
+
Portable XRF using a zero background plate has proven efficient and accurate as the primary method for identification of emerald green bookcloth in this study. According to the data collected thus far, emerald green pigment was rarely, if ever, mixed with additional pigments when used as a bookcloth colorant. The XRF spectra consistently indicate strong peaks for copper and arsenic.  
  
Progress is underway building a searchable database of arsenical books to replace this static table. The database will include information collected from bookmark recipients about possible emerald green bindings, as well as more conclusive identification by other institutions with access to XRF, Raman, and PLM. Updates about how to submit data on emerald green bindings will be posted here.
+
''Raman Spectroscopy''
  
 +
When possible, Raman spectroscopy has been used to confirm copper acetoarsenite (emerald green) as the specific molecular compound present in arsenical green bookcloth. At Winterthur, eleven books found to contain copper and arsenic (with XRF) have been confirmed with Raman to contain emerald green.
 +
 +
''Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM)''
 +
 +
In an effort to explore additional techniques for the reliable identification of emerald green, small, destructive samples of seven green bookcloths were analyzed by polarized light microscopy. Examination in plane- and cross-polarized light conclusively and correctly identified emerald green as the colorant in three of the samples, and found a mixture of Prussian blue and chrome yellow in the other four. Tips and recommendations for sampling, sample preparation, and analysis by PLM were compiled into a document available upon request from mtedone[at]winterthur[dot]org or rgrayburn[at]winterthur[dot]org.
 +
 +
''Microchemical Test Kits''
 +
 +
The Winterthur research team has tested two microchemical test kits for the detection of arsenic, Millipore and Industrial Test Systems. Both accurately detected the presence of arsenic in emerald green bookcloth. However, these tests rely on the creation and measurement of arsine gas, arsenic’s most deadly form. The test strips also contain other toxic components such as mercury, and each test produces a significant amount (100 mL) of contaminated solvent that must be disposed of properly. Arsenic spot tests should be performed only by persons trained in chemical safety, wearing appropriate PPE, under a certified chemical fume hood, with access to safe disposal for hazardous waste according to state law. Arsenic test kits should under no circumstances be used in the home or general library environment.
 +
 +
''Color Swatch Bookmark''
 +
 +
The Winterthur research team has developed an emerald green color swatch bookmark that is freely available upon request (see above). The bookmark is not a conclusive means of identifying emerald green, but it can help give a visual indication that, when combined with other context clues such as publication date, may help narrow down whether a book is likely to be bound in arsenical green cloth. The color swatch bookmark offers the means to sort a book collection using visual identification, allowing institutions or private individuals to target the books of greatest concern in their collections and make the most efficient and cost-effective use of a consultant to perform instrumental analysis. For institutions or individuals who cannot afford to contract for follow-up instrumental analysis, the bookmark at least provides some means, albeit imperfect, of estimating risk. 
 +
 +
<B>This table was last updated on July 30, 2021.</B>
  
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
Line 157: Line 188:
 
|  || Works of Robert Burns, The ||  || New York: Leavitt & Allen || 1856 || The Library Company of Philadelphia || XRF
 
|  || Works of Robert Burns, The ||  || New York: Leavitt & Allen || 1856 || The Library Company of Philadelphia || XRF
 
|}
 
|}
 
==Methodology & Results of Analysis==
 
 
English-language books published between 1837 and 1900, a time-period which aligns with the rising use of bookcloth on publishers' case bindings, were identified at Winterthur Library through the WinterCat OPAC. The first 200 books tested represented a range of vivid bookcloth colors. Thereafter, only books covered in green cloth were selected for analysis, in order to focus on arsenic and move through the collection more efficiently.  X-ray fluorescence (XRF) was used to collect elemental information from bookcloths. When arsenic and copper were found together, Raman spectroscopy was used to confirm copper acetoarsenite. A total of 406 books from the Winterthur collection were analyzed, and ten were confirmed to contain copper acetoarsenite. An additional two books procured from second-hand booksellers tested positive for arsenic and copper.
 
 
The Library Company of Philadelphia shelves its Americana collection chronologically according to publication date. Volumes were selected for testing by visual scan of the shelves in the appropriate date range (1830s through 1900). Approximately 80 books bound in green bookcloth or with green paper onlays were tested using handheld XRF. Spectra and bibliographical data were saved for each volume which showed the presence of arsenic and copper. A total of 28 books from the Library Company collection were found to contain arsenic.
 
 
The University of Delaware Soil Testing Lab performed quantitative analysis on a destructive sample from one Winterthur Library volume and measured significant levels of arsenic. Quantitative analysis for arsenic on a dry cotton swab rolled across the surface of the bookcloth indicated that the bookcloth colorant is extremely friable and offsets a significantly detectable amount of arsenic.
 
 
In an effort to explore additional techniques for the reliable identification of emerald green, bookcloth colorants were analyzed by polarized light microscopy. Samples were removed from seven books that had been previously analyzed by XRF and Raman spectroscopy. The books were selected and sampled by researchers other than the microscopist in order to emulate the analysis of unknown pigments. Examination in plane- and cross-polarized light conclusively and correctly identified emerald green as the colorant in three of the samples, and found a mixture of Prussian blue and chrome yellow in the other four. While all optical characteristics observed in the samples were considered in the interpretation of the results, the presence of spherulites was the most distinctive diagnostic in the identification of emerald green. Tips and recommendations for sampling, sample preparation, and analysis by PLM were compiled into a document available upon request from mtedone[at]winterthur[dot]org or rgrayburn[at]winterthur[dot]org.
 
  
 
==Project Researchers==
 
==Project Researchers==
Line 173: Line 194:
 
Lead Scientist: [https://www.artcons.udel.edu/faculty/winterthur-faculty/RGrayburn Dr. Rosie Grayburn]
 
Lead Scientist: [https://www.artcons.udel.edu/faculty/winterthur-faculty/RGrayburn Dr. Rosie Grayburn]
  
Contributors:
+
Winterthur Team:
: Emily Guthrie, Winterthur Library Director and NEH Librarian for Printed Books & Periodicals
+
: Emily Guthrie, (former) Winterthur Library Director, and Winterthur Library staff
 
: Mina Porell, Winterthur Postgraduate Fellow in Paintings Conservation
 
: Mina Porell, Winterthur Postgraduate Fellow in Paintings Conservation
: Jennifer Rosner, Head of Conservation, The Library Company of Philadelphia
 
 
: Meghan Abercrombie, Winterthur Intern
 
: Meghan Abercrombie, Winterthur Intern
 
: Philip DePaola, Winterthur Intern
 
: Philip DePaola, Winterthur Intern
Line 183: Line 203:
 
: Jess Ortegon, WUDPAC Fellow
 
: Jess Ortegon, WUDPAC Fellow
 
: Esther Weyer, Winterthur Intern
 
: Esther Weyer, Winterthur Intern
 +
 +
The Library Company of Philadelphia
 +
: Jennifer Rosner, Head of Conservation
  
 
Bookmark Designer:
 
Bookmark Designer:
Line 201: Line 224:
 
Tedone, Melissa. Arsenic and Old Bookcloth: A Hidden Hazard in Victorian-Era Books. Presentation for Winterthur Collector's Circle Virtual Salon Series. September 2, 2020.
 
Tedone, Melissa. Arsenic and Old Bookcloth: A Hidden Hazard in Victorian-Era Books. Presentation for Winterthur Collector's Circle Virtual Salon Series. September 2, 2020.
  
Tedone, Melissa, and Rosie Grayburn. "Arsenic and Old Bookcloth: The Safe Handling, Treatment, and Storage of Victorian-Era Cloth Case Bindings." ''Book and Paper Group Annual'' 39 (2020).  
+
Tedone, Melissa, and Rosie Grayburn. "Arsenic and Old Bookcloth: The Safe Handling, Treatment, and Storage of Victorian-Era Cloth Case Bindings." [https://www.culturalheritage.org/membership/groups-and-networks/book-and-paper-group/about-the-annual/bpgannual ''Book and Paper Group Annual'' 39 (2020)].  
  
 
Tedone, Melissa, and Rosie Grayburn. Arsenic and Old Bookcloth: The Safe Handling, Treatment, and Storage of Victorian-Era Cloth Case Bindings. American Institute for Conservation 48th Annual Meeting (June 30, 2020).
 
Tedone, Melissa, and Rosie Grayburn. Arsenic and Old Bookcloth: The Safe Handling, Treatment, and Storage of Victorian-Era Cloth Case Bindings. American Institute for Conservation 48th Annual Meeting (June 30, 2020).
Line 217: Line 240:
 
Gehle, Kim. [https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=1&po=0 “Arsenic Toxicity.”] Environmental Health and Medicine. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry, last modified January 15, 2010. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=1&po=0
 
Gehle, Kim. [https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=1&po=0 “Arsenic Toxicity.”] Environmental Health and Medicine. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry, last modified January 15, 2010. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=1&po=0
  
Lundblad, Kristina. <i>Bound to be modern : publishers' cloth bindings and the material culture of the book, 1840-1914.</i> Trans. Alan Crozier.
+
Lundblad, Kristina. 2015. <i>Bound to be modern : publishers' cloth bindings and the material culture of the book, 1840-1914.</i> Trans. Alan Crozier.
New Castle, DE : Oak Knoll Press, 2015.
+
New Castle, DE : Oak Knoll Press.
  
Krupp, Andrea. <i>Bookcloth in England and America, 1823-50.</i> New Castle, DE: Oak Knoll Press; London: British Library; New York: Bibliographical Society of America, 2008.  
+
Krupp, Andrea. 2008. <i>Bookcloth in England and America, 1823-50.</i> New Castle, DE: Oak Knoll Press; London: British Library; New York: Bibliographical Society of America.  
  
Tomlinson, William, and Richard Masters. <i>Bookcloth 1823-1980 : a study of early use and the rise of manufacture, Winterbottom's dominance of the trade in Britain and America, production methods and costs, and the identification of qualities and designs</i>. Cheshire, Eng.: D. Tomlinson, 1996.
+
Tomlinson, William, and Richard Masters. 1996. <i>Bookcloth 1823-1980 : a study of early use and the rise of manufacture, Winterbottom's dominance of the trade in Britain and America, production methods and costs, and the identification of qualities and designs</i>. Cheshire, Eng.: D. Tomlinson.
  
Whorton, James C. <i>The Arsenic Century: how Victorian Britain was poisoned at home, work, and play.</i> Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.
+
Whorton, James C. 2010. <i>The Arsenic Century: how Victorian Britain was poisoned at home, work, and play.</i> Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
  
 
==Funding Acknowledgments==
 
==Funding Acknowledgments==

Revision as of 09:25, 24 August 2021

Emerald green bookcloth on an 1852 imprint. Courtesy, Winterthur Library, Printed Book and Periodical Collection

The Winterthur Poison Book Project is an ongoing investigation to explore the materiality of Victorian-era publishers’ bindings, with a focus on the identification of potentially toxic pigments used as bookcloth colorants.

Toxic Bookcloth Colorants

Nearly 50% of the 19th-century, cloth-case bindings analyzed for this project to date contain lead in the bookcloth. Analysis of a range of bookcloth colors has also identified arsenic, barium, chromium, copper, iron, and mercury.

  • Continue reading below for more information on books bound with arsenic-containing emerald green bookcloth.
  • Visit Chrome Yellow Bookcloth for books bound with chromium-based chrome yellow bookcloth.

General Handling Tips for 19th-Century Cloth-Case Bindings

No matter which pigments or dyes may be present, it is best practice to avoid ingesting anything or touching the face while handling 19th-century, cloth-bound books. It is also best practice to wash hands after handling books, especially before eating, drinking, or smoking.

At left, chromium green (chrome yellow + Prussian blue) bookcloth on an 1874 imprint; at right, emerald green bookcloth on an 1850 imprint. Courtesy, WUDPAC Study Collection and private owner.

Emerald Green Bookcloth

In early 2019, analysis of 19th-century, cloth-case publishers’ bindings at Winterthur Library revealed bookcloth colored with “emerald green,” or copper acetoarsenite, an inorganic pigment known to be extremely toxic. This pigment’s popularity in England and the United States during the Victorian era is well documented. While the colorant was known to be widely used in textiles for home decoration and apparel, wallpaper, and toys, its use specifically in bookcloth had not been formally explored. Successful commercial bookcloths were a closely guarded trade secret during the nineteenth century, limiting our current understanding of their materiality and manufacture.

Conservation staff and interns at Winterthur Museum, Garden and Library conducted an initial survey of bookcloth pigments in the library’s circulating and rare book collections, later expanding their data set in cooperation with The Library Company of Philadelphia. Books published between 1837 and 1900, a time-period which aligns with the rising use of commercial bookcloth on publishers' case bindings, were analyzed with X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy. When arsenic and copper were detected together, Raman spectroscopy was used to confirm copper acetoarsenite.

The first 200 books tested represented a range of vivid bookcloth colors. Thereafter, only books covered in green cloth were selected for analysis, in order to focus on arsenic and move through the collection more efficiently. Now that analysis of green bindings is complete, other colors of bookcloth continue to be analyzed in stages.

Nearly 350 green cloth bindings in the collections of Winterthur and The Library Company of Philadelphia were analyzed. Two books procured from second-hand booksellers were also included in the testing, and were confirmed to contain emerald green. In total, 39 green cloth bindings were found to contain arsenic. Quantitative analysis performed at the University of Delaware Soil Testing Lab indicated that emerald green bookcloth colorant is extremely friable and offsets a significantly detectable amount of arsenic. Emerald green publishers’ bindings present a health risk to librarians, booksellers, collectors, and researchers, and should be identified, handled, and stored with caution.

Trends in Use of Emerald Green Bookcloth

Based on the data collected at Winterthur Library and The Library Company of Philadelphia, the following trends in the use of emerald green bookcloth have been identified:

Composite image showing color variation of emerald green bookcloth on book spines, likely a result of air pollution. Even when the color on the spine has oxidized and browned, the green cloth on the front and back covers remains vividly green. Courtesy, Winterthur Library, Printed Book and Periodical Collection
  • Vibrant green bookcloth covering the boards (front and back covers)
  • Vibrant green or faded brownish bookcloth on the spine
  • Gold and blind stamped decoration, often paired with gilt textblock edges
  • English or American imprint
  • Publication date primarily between 1840s-1860s
  • Variations on a morocco grain pattern are common, although other bookcloth grains have also been identified

We have developed a color swatch bookmark to aid in the visual identification of volumes potentially bound in emerald green bookcloth.

Emerald Green Color Swatch Bookmark

As of July 2021, we have mailed over 580 bookmarks to 34 of the United States and 17 countries around the world. These bookmarks are intended to assist with visual identification of bookcloth which may be pigmented with copper acetoarsenite (emerald green). To receive a color swatch bookmark, please email reference@winterthur.org and write “Emerald Green Bookmark” in the subject line. Please include the following information in your email:

  • Name
  • Mailing address
  • Daytime phone number
We will not share your contact information with third parties.

Safe Handling & Storage Tips for Arsenical Books

Avoid opportunities for ingestion or inhalation of emerald green pigment. Avoid eating, drinking, smoking, biting fingernails, or touching the face while handling potentially arsenical bookcloth.

Wear nitrile gloves:

Avoid handling suspected emerald green bookcloth with bare hands. Although arsenic is unlikely to be absorbed through the skin, it can offset onto the hands and be ingested or inhaled through touching the face or eating/drinking. Handling books with damp or sweaty hands can increase the risk of arsenic offsetting onto the skin.

Wash hands:

Even when using gloves, wash hands after handling suspected emerald green bookcloth.

Isolate book for storage:

If a book is suspected to be bound in emerald green bookcloth, seal the book in a zip-top, polyethylene baggie to limit handling and contain potentially friable pigment. Winterthur Library relocated arsenical books from its circulating collection to its rare book collection.

Wipe down surfaces:

Handle books bound in emerald green bookcloth on hard surfaces (such as a table), and avoid upholstered surfaces (such as an armchair). After handling, wipe down hard surfaces that have come into contact with the book using a damp, disposable cloth.

For Conservators:

A professional conservator performing a conservation treatment on a book bound in emerald green bookcloth should observe the same precautions as above. In addition, work under a certified chemical fume hood. If a chemical fume hood is not available, a second option is to conduct treatment using a ductless fume hood for particulates with a combination HEPA/charcoal filter. Be aware that the introduction of wet adhesives could cause arsenic to migrate in greater concentration toward the source of moisture.

Disaster Planning & Response for Arsenical Books

Should a disaster situation arise involving fire or water, the risks associated with arsenical bookcloth increase. These risks can be mitigated with disaster planning and labeling. Consider storing arsenical books together in one storage area which can be clearly labeled for disaster responders, in addition to item-level caution labels on individual enclosures. While proper PPE should always be worn during salvage, make sure the need for PPE when handling arsenical books is emphasized in written disaster plans.

Arsenical Books Database

In the 19th century, not every book from the same edition would have been bound identically. Therefore, it is possible to have a book of the same edition listed below, but which is not bound in emerald green bookcloth. We provide this table of books bound in emerald green bookcloth as a starting point from which other institutions and private collectors may consider their own collections. This table includes information collected from bookmark recipients about possible emerald green bindings, as well as more conclusive identification by Winterthur and other contributing institutions using instrumental analysis. To contribute data to the project, please read How To Submit Data to the Poison Book Project.

Identification Methods for Emerald Green Bookcloth

X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF)

Portable XRF using a zero background plate has proven efficient and accurate as the primary method for identification of emerald green bookcloth in this study. According to the data collected thus far, emerald green pigment was rarely, if ever, mixed with additional pigments when used as a bookcloth colorant. The XRF spectra consistently indicate strong peaks for copper and arsenic.

Raman Spectroscopy

When possible, Raman spectroscopy has been used to confirm copper acetoarsenite (emerald green) as the specific molecular compound present in arsenical green bookcloth. At Winterthur, eleven books found to contain copper and arsenic (with XRF) have been confirmed with Raman to contain emerald green.

Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM)

In an effort to explore additional techniques for the reliable identification of emerald green, small, destructive samples of seven green bookcloths were analyzed by polarized light microscopy. Examination in plane- and cross-polarized light conclusively and correctly identified emerald green as the colorant in three of the samples, and found a mixture of Prussian blue and chrome yellow in the other four. Tips and recommendations for sampling, sample preparation, and analysis by PLM were compiled into a document available upon request from mtedone[at]winterthur[dot]org or rgrayburn[at]winterthur[dot]org.

Microchemical Test Kits

The Winterthur research team has tested two microchemical test kits for the detection of arsenic, Millipore and Industrial Test Systems. Both accurately detected the presence of arsenic in emerald green bookcloth. However, these tests rely on the creation and measurement of arsine gas, arsenic’s most deadly form. The test strips also contain other toxic components such as mercury, and each test produces a significant amount (100 mL) of contaminated solvent that must be disposed of properly. Arsenic spot tests should be performed only by persons trained in chemical safety, wearing appropriate PPE, under a certified chemical fume hood, with access to safe disposal for hazardous waste according to state law. Arsenic test kits should under no circumstances be used in the home or general library environment.

Color Swatch Bookmark

The Winterthur research team has developed an emerald green color swatch bookmark that is freely available upon request (see above). The bookmark is not a conclusive means of identifying emerald green, but it can help give a visual indication that, when combined with other context clues such as publication date, may help narrow down whether a book is likely to be bound in arsenical green cloth. The color swatch bookmark offers the means to sort a book collection using visual identification, allowing institutions or private individuals to target the books of greatest concern in their collections and make the most efficient and cost-effective use of a consultant to perform instrumental analysis. For institutions or individuals who cannot afford to contract for follow-up instrumental analysis, the bookmark at least provides some means, albeit imperfect, of estimating risk.

This table was last updated on July 30, 2021.

OCLC No. Title Author Imprint Date Owner ID Method
Affection's Gift Philadelphia: Henry F. Anners 1850 The Library Company of Philadelphia XRF
Angel Whispers; or, The Echo of Spirit Voices Designed to Comfort those who Mourn Eddy, Daniel C. Boston: Dayton & Wentworth 1854 private owner Color swatch bookmark
Angel Whispers Boston: Dayton & Wentworth 1855 The Library Company of Philadelphia XRF
Angel Whispers Boston: Wentworth & Co. 1856 The Library Company of Philadelphia XRF
Complete Poetical Works of William Cowper, Esq., The New York & Philadelphia: Appleton & Co. 1845 The Library Company of Philadelphia XRF
Crystal Sphere: its forces and its beings, The Sanders, J. Milton London: Hippolyte Bailliere, 219, Regent Street, and 290, Broadway, New York. Paris: J.B. Bailliere, Rue Hautefeuille. Madrid: Bailly Bailliere, Calle del Principe. 1857 The Library Company of Philadelphia XRF
54211672 Elementary Instruction in the Art of Illuminating and Missal Painting on Vellum, etc, 4th edition Laurent de Lara, D. London: Ackermann & Co. Strand, and all booksellers 1858 Winterthur Library XRF, Raman
Ellen; or, The Chained Mother Harlan, Mary B. Cincinnati. : Published for the author, by Applegate & Co. 1855 The Library Company of Philadelphia XRF
Faggots for the Fireside Goodrich, Samuel G. (Samuel Griswold), 1793-1860. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1854 The Library Company of Philadelphia XRF
Floral Souvenir, A Perennial Gift Chambersburg, PA: Shryock, Reed & Co. 1841 The Library Company of Philadelphia XRF
Friendship's Offering New York: Leavitt & Allen 1856 The Library Company of Philadelphia XRF
Gem Annual, The Philadelphia : E. H. Butler & Co. 1854 Winterthur Library XRF, Raman
Gift of Love Boston: J.Buffum 1850 The Library Company of Philadelphia XRF
Golden Legacy to Daughters, or Advice to Young Ladies, A Boston: Higgins, Bradley and Dayton 1857 private owner Color swatch bookmark
Grandpapa's Tales About Animals Bland, James Halifax [Eng.]: Milner and Sowerby 1850 private owner XRF, Raman
Hoyle's Games Philadelphia: Henry F. Anners 1845 The Library Company of Philadelphia XRF
Kanavagh: a tale, Illustrated Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth London: W. Kent & Co. (Late D. Bogue) 86, Fleet Street 1858 WUDPAC Study Collection XRF, Raman
Leaflets of Memory New York: Leavitt & Allen 1855 The Library Company of Philadelphia XRF
Liberty Bell, The Boston: National Anti-Slavery Bazaar 1856 The Library Company of Philadelphia XRF
Macaulay's Lays of Ancient Rome Macaulay, Thomas Babington Philadelphia: E. H. Butler & Co. 1854 The Library Company of Philadelphia XRF
Military Journal of Major Ebenezer Denny Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott & Co. 1859 The Library Company of Philadelphia XRF
My Own Garden Mrs. Loudon London: Kerby & Son 1855 Winterthur Library XRF, Raman
Nellie Gray, or Ups and Downs of Everyday Life Philadelphia: American Sunday School Union 1855 The Library Company of Philadelphia XRF
4272866 Nothing to Eat, Illustrated Jenkins, Edward O. New York: Dick and Fitzgerald 1857 Winterthur Library XRF, Raman
Oasis, or Golden Leaves of Friendship, The Ferguson, N.L., Ed. Boston : Dayton and Wentworth, 86 Washington Street 1855 The Library Company of Philadelphia XRF
On Human Longevity and the Amount of Life Upon the Globe Flourens, P. (Pierre), 1794-1867. London: New York: H. Bailliere, Publisher 1855 The Library Company of Philadelphia XRF
Patent Hat, The Ballou, Ellis, d. 1903. New-York: : Published for the author by Carlton and Phillips, 200 Mulberry-St. 1855 The Library Company of Philadelphia XRF
Plants of the Holy Land Osborn, Henry S. Philadelphia : Parry & McMillan 1860 Winterthur Library XRF, Raman
Poems of Oliver Goldsmith, The London and New York: George Routledge & Co. 1859 The Library Company of Philadelphia XRF
Rambles About Boston; or, Efforts to do Good Boston: New England Sabbath School Union (Heath and Graves) 1856 private owner Color swatch bookmark
Rosebud, The New York: Leavitt & Allen 1856 The Library Company of Philadelphia XRF
Rosebud, The New York: Leavitt & Allen 1856 The Library Company of Philadelphia XRF
Rural Annual and Year-Book of Country Life New York: Leavitt & Allen 1856 The Library Company of Philadelphia XRF
4799738 Rustic Adornments for Homes of Taste, 2nd edition Hibberd, Shirley London: Groombridge & Sons 1857 Winterthur Library XRF, Raman
Snowflake: a Christmas, New Year, and birthday gift, for MDCCCLIV Philadelphia: E. H. Butler & Co. 1854 The Library Company of Philadelphia XRF
Sweet Home; or: Friendship's Golden Altar Boston: L.P. Crown & Co.; Philadelphia: J.W. Bradley 1856 The Library Company of Philadelphia XRF
1044734 Tallis's history and description of the Crystal palace, and the Exhibition of the world's industry in 1851; illustrated by beautiful steel engravings, from original drawings and daguerreotypes by Beard, Mayall, etc Tallis, John London & New York: J. Tallis and co. 1852 Winterthur Library XRF, Raman
1044734 Tallis's history and description of the Crystal palace, and the Exhibition of the world's industry in 1851; illustrated by beautiful steel engravings, from original drawings and daguerreotypes by Beard, Mayall, etc Tallis, John London & New York: J. Tallis and co. 1852 Winterthur Library XRF, Raman
1044734 Tallis's history and description of the Crystal palace, and the Exhibition of the world's industry in 1851; illustrated by beautiful steel engravings, from original drawings and daguerreotypes by Beard, Mayall, etc Tallis, John London & New York: J. Tallis and co. 1852 Winterthur Library XRF, Raman
Wanderers by Sea and Land, The Goodrich, Samuel G. (Samuel Griswold), 1793-1860. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1854 The Library Company of Philadelphia XRF
Winter Wreath of Summer Flowers, A Goodrich, Samuel G. (Samuel Griswold), 1793-1860. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1854 The Library Company of Philadelphia XRF
Works of Robert Burns, The New York: Leavitt & Allen 1856 The Library Company of Philadelphia XRF

Project Researchers

Lead Conservator: Dr. Melissa Tedone

Lead Scientist: Dr. Rosie Grayburn

Winterthur Team:

Emily Guthrie, (former) Winterthur Library Director, and Winterthur Library staff
Mina Porell, Winterthur Postgraduate Fellow in Paintings Conservation
Meghan Abercrombie, Winterthur Intern
Philip DePaola, Winterthur Intern
Layla Huff, Winterthur Intern
Sara Leonowitz, Winterthur Intern
Jess Ortegon, WUDPAC Fellow
Esther Weyer, Winterthur Intern

The Library Company of Philadelphia

Jennifer Rosner, Head of Conservation

Bookmark Designer:

Karissa Muratore, WUDPAC Fellow

Consultants:

Michael Gladle, Director, University of Delaware Environmental Health & Safety
Karen Gartley, Research Manager/Program Director, University of Delaware Soil Testing Program

Project Publications & Presentations

Tedone, Melissa and Rosie Grayburn. "It Ain't Easy Being Green: The Poison Book Project". The Grolier Club. May 11, 2021.

Tedone, Melissa. Toxic Tomes in Context: 19th-century Decorated Cloth Bindings. Objects Up Close series (virtual). Winterthur Museum, Garden & Library. March 16, 2021.

Tedone, Melissa. "Toxic Tomes: A Hidden Hazard in the Victorian Home." Pre-recorded lecture. Virtual Delaware Antiques Show Lecture Series. November 7-14, 2020.

Tedone, Melissa. Arsenic and Old Bookcloth: A Hidden Hazard in Victorian-Era Books. Presentation for Winterthur Collector's Circle Virtual Salon Series. September 2, 2020.

Tedone, Melissa, and Rosie Grayburn. "Arsenic and Old Bookcloth: The Safe Handling, Treatment, and Storage of Victorian-Era Cloth Case Bindings." Book and Paper Group Annual 39 (2020).

Tedone, Melissa, and Rosie Grayburn. Arsenic and Old Bookcloth: The Safe Handling, Treatment, and Storage of Victorian-Era Cloth Case Bindings. American Institute for Conservation 48th Annual Meeting (June 30, 2020).

Tedone, Melissa, and Rosie Grayburn. Winterthur Poison Book Project. Presented virtually at the ICON Book and Paper Annual General Meeting (June 3, 2020).

Tedone, Melissa. "Poison Book Project". IIC News in Conservation 77. April-May, 2020. 10-13.

Tedone, Melissa, and Rosie Grayburn. Poison Book Project: Analyzing Toxic Pigments in Victorian-Era Bookcloth. Lightning-round presentation at Safety and Cultural Heritage Summit, Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington DC (October 30, 2019).

Further Reading

"Copper Acetoarsenite." NOAA CAMEO Chemicals version 2.7.1. rev 1. Accessed February 13,2020. https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/2981

Gehle, Kim. “Arsenic Toxicity.” Environmental Health and Medicine. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry, last modified January 15, 2010. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=1&po=0

Lundblad, Kristina. 2015. Bound to be modern : publishers' cloth bindings and the material culture of the book, 1840-1914. Trans. Alan Crozier. New Castle, DE : Oak Knoll Press.

Krupp, Andrea. 2008. Bookcloth in England and America, 1823-50. New Castle, DE: Oak Knoll Press; London: British Library; New York: Bibliographical Society of America.

Tomlinson, William, and Richard Masters. 1996. Bookcloth 1823-1980 : a study of early use and the rise of manufacture, Winterbottom's dominance of the trade in Britain and America, production methods and costs, and the identification of qualities and designs. Cheshire, Eng.: D. Tomlinson.

Whorton, James C. 2010. The Arsenic Century: how Victorian Britain was poisoned at home, work, and play. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.

Funding Acknowledgments

The project team gratefully acknowledges the following support for the Poison Book Project:

  • Our many generous donors who supported the project during the Do More 24 Delaware fundraising campaign coordinated by the United Way in February, 2020.

Disclaimer

Copyright 2024. This article describes conservation procedures and is meant to be used as exchange of technical information among trained cultural heritage conservators, and the procedures described herein should not be performed by anyone who is not a trained professional. Further, any advice, graphics, images, and information contained in this page is presented for general educational and information purposes, and to increase safety awareness in connection with the storage and handling of aged books that may contain toxic chemicals, such as arsenic. The storage, handling, and other safety tips included in this page are suggestions only and have been collected by the Poison Book Project of The Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur Museum, Inc. after consultation with scientists and other experts in the conservation field. None of the content in this page has been subjected to a formal peer review and is not intended to be medical or other expert advice or services, and should not be used in place of consultation with appropriate professionals. The information contained in this page should not be considered exhaustive, and the user should seek the advice of appropriate professionals.

In no event shall The Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur Museum, Inc. or its trustees, officers, affiliates, and employees, be liable for any liability, loss, injury, or risk (including, without limitation, incidental and consequential damages, personal injury/wrongful death, lost profits, or damages) which is incurred or suffered as a direct or indirect result of the use of any of the material, advice, guidance, or services on this site, whether based on warranty, contract, tort, or any other legal theory and whether or not The Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur Museum, Inc. or any of its trustees, officers, or employees is advised of the possibility of such damages. THE HENRY FRANCIS DU PONT WINTERTHUR MUSEUM, INC., TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW, DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, STATUTORY OR OTHERWISE, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, NON-INFRINGEMENT OF THIRD PARTIES’ RIGHTS, AND FITNESS FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSE.