Poison Book Project

Emerald green bookcloth. Courtesy, Winterthur Library, Printed Book and Periodical Collection

The Winterthur Poison Book Project is an ongoing investigation initiated in April 2019 to explore the materiality of Victorian-era bookcloth, with a primary focus on the identification of potentially toxic pigments used as colorants.

Analysis of decorated, cloth-case, publisher’s bindings at Winterthur Library revealed starch-coated bookcloth colored with “emerald green,” or copper acetoarsenite, an inorganic pigment known to be extremely toxic. This pigment’s popularity in England and the United States during the Victorian era is well documented. While the colorant was known to be widely used in textiles for home decoration and apparel, wallpaper, and toys, its use specifically in bookcloth has not been formally explored. Successful bookcloths were a closely guarded trade secret during the nineteenth century, limiting our current understanding of their materiality and manufacture. Conservation staff and interns at Winterthur Museum, Garden and Library conducted a survey of bookcloth pigments in order to correlate the presence of emerald green and other potentially toxic pigments with specific publishers and date ranges. The project initially focused on the library’s circulating collection, which poses a greater potential risk to patrons, and then expanded to include the rare book collection.

In December 2019, the Winterthur Library data set was further expanded in cooperation with The Library Company of Philadelphia, which has significant holdings of cloth-case publisher’s bindings.

What differentiates this research project from others centered around arsenic-based pigments in library collections is threefold: first, the toxic pigment permeates the outer covering of Victorian-era, cloth-case publisher’s bindings; second, the large quantity of arsenic-based pigment present in bookcloth; and third, such mass-produced bindings may be commonly found in both special and circulating library collections across the United States and the United Kingdom.

General Handling Tips for Nineteenth-Century Cloth-Case Bindings

Nearly 40% of the nineteenth-century cloth-case bindings analyzed for this project, to date, contain lead in the bookcloth. In addition to arsenic, analysis of a range of bookcloth colors has also identified barium, chromium, copper, iron, and mercury.

No matter which pigments or dyes may be present, it is best practice to avoid ingesting anything or touching the face while handling nineteenth-century, cloth-bound books. It is also best practice to wash hands after handling books, especially before eating, drinking, or smoking.

Trends in Use of Emerald Green Bookcloth

Based on the data collected at Winterthur Library and The Library Company of Philadelphia, the following trends in the use of emerald green bookcloth have been identified:

Composite image showing color variation of emerald green bookcloth on book spines, likely a result of air pollution. Even when the color on the spine has oxidized and browned, the green cloth on the front and back covers remains vividly green. Courtesy, Winterthur Library, Printed Book and Periodical Collection

• Vibrant green bookcloth covering the boards (front and back covers)
• Vibrant green or faded brownish bookcloth on the spine
• Gold and blind stamped decoration, often paired with gilt textblock edges
• English or American imprint
• Publication date primarily between 1840s-1860s

We have developed a color swatch bookmark to aid in the visual identification of volumes potentially bound in emerald green bookcloth.

Emerald Green Color Swatch Bookmark

As of July 2021, we have mailed over 580 bookmarks to 34 of the United States and 17 countries around the world. These bookmarks are intended to assist with visual identification of bookcloth which may be pigmented with copper acetoarsenite (emerald green). To receive a color swatch bookmark, please email reference@winterthur.org and write “Emerald Green Bookmark” in the subject line. Please include the following information in your email:

• Name
• Mailing address
• Daytime phone number

We will not share your contact information with third parties.

Safe Handling & Storage Tips for Arsenical Books

Avoid opportunities for ingestion or inhalation of emerald green pigment. Avoid eating, drinking, smoking, biting fingernails, or touching the face while handling potentially arsenical bookcloth.

Wear nitrile gloves:

Avoid handling suspected emerald green bookcloth with bare hands. Although arsenic is unlikely to be absorbed through the skin, it can offset onto the hands and be ingested or inhaled through touching the face or eating/drinking. Handling books with damp or sweaty hands can increase the risk of arsenic offsetting onto the skin.

Wash hands:

Even when using gloves, wash hands after handling suspected emerald green bookcloth.

Isolate book for storage:

If a book is suspected to be bound in emerald green bookcloth, seal the book in a zip-top, polyethylene baggie to limit handling and contain potentially friable pigment. Winterthur Library relocated arsenical books from its circulating collection to its rare book collection.

Wipe down surfaces:

Handle books bound in emerald green bookcloth on hard surfaces (such as a table), and avoid upholstered surfaces (such as an armchair). After handling, wipe down hard surfaces that have come into contact with the book using a damp, disposable cloth.

For Conservators:

A professional conservator performing a conservation treatment on a book bound in emerald green bookcloth should observe the same precautions as above. In addition, work under a certified chemical fume hood. If a chemical fume hood is not available, a second option is to conduct treatment using a ductless fume hood for particulates with a combination HEPA/charcoal filter. Be aware that the introduction of wet adhesives could cause arsenic to migrate in greater concentration toward the source of moisture.

Disaster Planning & Response for Arsenical Books

Should a disaster situation arise involving fire or water, the risks associated with arsenical bookcloth increase. These risks can be mitigated with disaster planning and labeling. Consider storing arsenical books together in one storage area which can be clearly labeled for disaster responders, in addition to item-level caution labels on individual enclosures. While proper PPE should always be worn during salvage, make sure the need for PPE when handling arsenical books is emphasized in written disaster plans.

Arsenical Books List

In the nineteenth century, not every book from the same edition would have been bound identically. Therefore, it is possible to have a book of the same edition listed below, but which is not bound in emerald green bookcloth. We provide this list of books bound in emerald green bookcloth as a starting point from which other institutions and private collectors may consider their own collections. This table includes information collected from bookmark recipients about possible emerald green bindings, as well as more conclusive identification by Winterthur and other institutions with access to XRF, Raman, and PLM. Visual identification of emerald green using a color swatch bookmark is understandably less reliable than instrumental analysis, so we have included the identification method(s) used for each book. This table was last updated on July 30, 2021. Updates about how to submit data to the project will be posted here in fall 2021.

OCLC No.	Title	Author	Imprint	Date	Owner	ID Method
	Affection's Gift		Philadelphia: Henry F. Anners	1850	The Library Company of Philadelphia	XRF
	Angel Whispers; or, The Echo of Spirit Voices Designed to Comfort those who Mourn	Eddy, Daniel C.	Boston: Dayton & Wentworth	1854	private owner	Color swatch bookmark
	Angel Whispers		Boston: Dayton & Wentworth	1855	The Library Company of Philadelphia	XRF
	Angel Whispers		Boston: Wentworth & Co.	1856	The Library Company of Philadelphia	XRF
	Complete Poetical Works of William Cowper, Esq., The		New York & Philadelphia: Appleton & Co.	1845	The Library Company of Philadelphia	XRF
	Crystal Sphere: its forces and its beings, The	Sanders, J. Milton	London: Hippolyte Bailliere, 219, Regent Street, and 290, Broadway, New York. Paris: J.B. Bailliere, Rue Hautefeuille. Madrid: Bailly Bailliere, Calle del Principe.	1857	The Library Company of Philadelphia	XRF
54211672	Elementary Instruction in the Art of Illuminating and Missal Painting on Vellum, etc, 4th edition	Laurent de Lara, D.	London: Ackermann & Co. Strand, and all booksellers	1858	Winterthur Library	XRF, Raman
	Ellen; or, The Chained Mother	Harlan, Mary B.	Cincinnati. : Published for the author, by Applegate & Co.	1855	The Library Company of Philadelphia	XRF
	Faggots for the Fireside	Goodrich, Samuel G. (Samuel Griswold), 1793-1860.	New York: D. Appleton & Co.	1854	The Library Company of Philadelphia	XRF
	Floral Souvenir, A Perennial Gift		Chambersburg, PA: Shryock, Reed & Co.	1841	The Library Company of Philadelphia	XRF
	Friendship's Offering		New York: Leavitt & Allen	1856	The Library Company of Philadelphia	XRF
	Gem Annual, The		Philadelphia : E. H. Butler & Co.	1854	Winterthur Library	XRF, Raman
	Gift of Love		Boston: J.Buffum	1850	The Library Company of Philadelphia	XRF
	Golden Legacy to Daughters, or Advice to Young Ladies, A		Boston: Higgins, Bradley and Dayton	1857	private owner	Color swatch bookmark
	Grandpapa's Tales About Animals	Bland, James	Halifax [Eng.]: Milner and Sowerby	1850	private owner	XRF, Raman
	Hoyle's Games		Philadelphia: Henry F. Anners	1845	The Library Company of Philadelphia	XRF
	Kanavagh: a tale, Illustrated	Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth	London: W. Kent & Co. (Late D. Bogue) 86, Fleet Street	1858	WUDPAC Study Collection	XRF, Raman
	Leaflets of Memory		New York: Leavitt & Allen	1855	The Library Company of Philadelphia	XRF
	Liberty Bell, The		Boston: National Anti-Slavery Bazaar	1856	The Library Company of Philadelphia	XRF
	Macaulay's Lays of Ancient Rome	Macaulay, Thomas Babington	Philadelphia: E. H. Butler & Co.	1854	The Library Company of Philadelphia	XRF
	Military Journal of Major Ebenezer Denny		Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott & Co.	1859	The Library Company of Philadelphia	XRF
	My Own Garden	Mrs. Loudon	London: Kerby & Son	1855	Winterthur Library	XRF, Raman
	Nellie Gray, or Ups and Downs of Everyday Life		Philadelphia: American Sunday School Union	1855	The Library Company of Philadelphia	XRF
4272866	Nothing to Eat, Illustrated	Jenkins, Edward O.	New York: Dick and Fitzgerald	1857	Winterthur Library	XRF, Raman
	Oasis, or Golden Leaves of Friendship, The	Ferguson, N.L., Ed.	Boston : Dayton and Wentworth, 86 Washington Street	1855	The Library Company of Philadelphia	XRF
	On Human Longevity and the Amount of Life Upon the Globe	Flourens, P. (Pierre), 1794-1867.	London: New York: H. Bailliere, Publisher	1855	The Library Company of Philadelphia	XRF
	Patent Hat, The	Ballou, Ellis, d. 1903.	New-York: : Published for the author by Carlton and Phillips, 200 Mulberry-St.	1855	The Library Company of Philadelphia	XRF
	Plants of the Holy Land	Osborn, Henry S.	Philadelphia : Parry & McMillan	1860	Winterthur Library	XRF, Raman
	Poems of Oliver Goldsmith, The		London and New York: George Routledge & Co.	1859	The Library Company of Philadelphia	XRF
	Rambles About Boston; or, Efforts to do Good		Boston: New England Sabbath School Union (Heath and Graves)	1856	private owner	Color swatch bookmark
	Rosebud, The		New York: Leavitt & Allen	1856	The Library Company of Philadelphia	XRF
	Rosebud, The		New York: Leavitt & Allen	1856	The Library Company of Philadelphia	XRF
	Rural Annual and Year-Book of Country Life		New York: Leavitt & Allen	1856	The Library Company of Philadelphia	XRF
4799738	Rustic Adornments for Homes of Taste, 2nd edition	Hibberd, Shirley	London: Groombridge & Sons	1857	Winterthur Library	XRF, Raman
	Snowflake: a Christmas, New Year, and birthday gift, for MDCCCLIV		Philadelphia: E. H. Butler & Co.	1854	The Library Company of Philadelphia	XRF
	Sweet Home; or: Friendship's Golden Altar		Boston: L.P. Crown & Co.; Philadelphia: J.W. Bradley	1856	The Library Company of Philadelphia	XRF
1044734	Tallis's history and description of the Crystal palace, and the Exhibition of the world's industry in 1851; illustrated by beautiful steel engravings, from original drawings and daguerreotypes by Beard, Mayall, etc	Tallis, John	London & New York: J. Tallis and co.	1852	Winterthur Library	XRF, Raman
1044734	Tallis's history and description of the Crystal palace, and the Exhibition of the world's industry in 1851; illustrated by beautiful steel engravings, from original drawings and daguerreotypes by Beard, Mayall, etc	Tallis, John	London & New York: J. Tallis and co.	1852	Winterthur Library	XRF, Raman
1044734	Tallis's history and description of the Crystal palace, and the Exhibition of the world's industry in 1851; illustrated by beautiful steel engravings, from original drawings and daguerreotypes by Beard, Mayall, etc	Tallis, John	London & New York: J. Tallis and co.	1852	Winterthur Library	XRF, Raman
	Wanderers by Sea and Land, The	Goodrich, Samuel G. (Samuel Griswold), 1793-1860.	New York: D. Appleton & Co.	1854	The Library Company of Philadelphia	XRF
	Winter Wreath of Summer Flowers, A	Goodrich, Samuel G. (Samuel Griswold), 1793-1860.	New York: D. Appleton & Co.	1854	The Library Company of Philadelphia	XRF
	Works of Robert Burns, The		New York: Leavitt & Allen	1856	The Library Company of Philadelphia	XRF

Methodology & Results of Analysis

English-language books published between 1837 and 1900, a time-period which aligns with the rising use of bookcloth on publishers' case bindings, were identified at Winterthur Library through the WinterCat OPAC. The first 200 books tested represented a range of vivid bookcloth colors. Thereafter, only books covered in green cloth were selected for analysis, in order to focus on arsenic and move through the collection more efficiently. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) was used to collect elemental information from bookcloths. When arsenic and copper were found together, Raman spectroscopy was used to confirm copper acetoarsenite. A total of 406 books from the Winterthur collection were analyzed, and ten were confirmed to contain copper acetoarsenite. An additional two books procured from second-hand booksellers tested positive for arsenic and copper.

The Library Company of Philadelphia shelves its Americana collection chronologically according to publication date. Volumes were selected for testing by visual scan of the shelves in the appropriate date range (1830s through 1900). Approximately 80 books bound in green bookcloth or with green paper onlays were tested using handheld XRF. Spectra and bibliographical data were saved for each volume which showed the presence of arsenic and copper. A total of 28 books from the Library Company collection were found to contain arsenic.

The University of Delaware Soil Testing Lab performed quantitative analysis on a destructive sample from one Winterthur Library volume and measured significant levels of arsenic. Quantitative analysis for arsenic on a dry cotton swab rolled across the surface of the bookcloth indicated that the bookcloth colorant is extremely friable and offsets a significantly detectable amount of arsenic.

In an effort to explore additional techniques for the reliable identification of emerald green, bookcloth colorants were analyzed by polarized light microscopy. Samples were removed from seven books that had been previously analyzed by XRF and Raman spectroscopy. The books were selected and sampled by researchers other than the microscopist in order to emulate the analysis of unknown pigments. Examination in plane- and cross-polarized light conclusively and correctly identified emerald green as the colorant in three of the samples, and found a mixture of Prussian blue and chrome yellow in the other four. While all optical characteristics observed in the samples were considered in the interpretation of the results, the presence of spherulites was the most distinctive diagnostic in the identification of emerald green. Tips and recommendations for sampling, sample preparation, and analysis by PLM were compiled into a document available upon request from mtedone[at]winterthur[dot]org or rgrayburn[at]winterthur[dot]org.

Project Researchers

Lead Conservator: Dr. Melissa Tedone

Lead Scientist: Dr. Rosie Grayburn

Contributors:

Emily Guthrie, Winterthur Library Director and NEH Librarian for Printed Books & Periodicals

Mina Porell, Winterthur Postgraduate Fellow in Paintings Conservation

Jennifer Rosner, Head of Conservation, The Library Company of Philadelphia

Meghan Abercrombie, Winterthur Intern

Philip DePaola, Winterthur Intern

Layla Huff, Winterthur Intern

Sara Leonowitz, Winterthur Intern

Jess Ortegon, WUDPAC Fellow

Esther Weyer, Winterthur Intern

Bookmark Designer:

Karissa Muratore, WUDPAC Fellow

Consultants:

Michael Gladle, Director, University of Delaware Environmental Health & Safety

Karen Gartley, Research Manager/Program Director, University of Delaware Soil Testing Program

Project Publications & Presentations

Tedone, Melissa and Rosie Grayburn. "It Ain't Easy Being Green: The Poison Book Project". The Grolier Club. May 11, 2021.

Tedone, Melissa. Toxic Tomes in Context: 19th-century Decorated Cloth Bindings. Objects Up Close series (virtual). Winterthur Museum, Garden & Library. March 16, 2021.

Tedone, Melissa. "Toxic Tomes: A Hidden Hazard in the Victorian Home." Pre-recorded lecture. Virtual Delaware Antiques Show Lecture Series. November 7-14, 2020.

Tedone, Melissa. Arsenic and Old Bookcloth: A Hidden Hazard in Victorian-Era Books. Presentation for Winterthur Collector's Circle Virtual Salon Series. September 2, 2020.

Tedone, Melissa, and Rosie Grayburn. "Arsenic and Old Bookcloth: The Safe Handling, Treatment, and Storage of Victorian-Era Cloth Case Bindings." Book and Paper Group Annual 39 (2020).

Tedone, Melissa, and Rosie Grayburn. Arsenic and Old Bookcloth: The Safe Handling, Treatment, and Storage of Victorian-Era Cloth Case Bindings. American Institute for Conservation 48th Annual Meeting (June 30, 2020).

Tedone, Melissa, and Rosie Grayburn. Winterthur Poison Book Project. Presented virtually at the ICON Book and Paper Annual General Meeting (June 3, 2020).

Tedone, Melissa. "Poison Book Project". IIC News in Conservation 77. April-May, 2020. 10-13.

Tedone, Melissa, and Rosie Grayburn. Poison Book Project: Analyzing Toxic Pigments in Victorian-Era Bookcloth. Lightning-round presentation at Safety and Cultural Heritage Summit, Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington DC (October 30, 2019).

Further Reading

"Copper Acetoarsenite." NOAA CAMEO Chemicals version 2.7.1. rev 1. Accessed February 13,2020. https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/2981

Gehle, Kim. “Arsenic Toxicity.” Environmental Health and Medicine. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry, last modified January 15, 2010. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=1&po=0

Lundblad, Kristina. Bound to be modern : publishers' cloth bindings and the material culture of the book, 1840-1914. Trans. Alan Crozier. New Castle, DE : Oak Knoll Press, 2015.

Krupp, Andrea. Bookcloth in England and America, 1823-50. New Castle, DE: Oak Knoll Press; London: British Library; New York: Bibliographical Society of America, 2008.

Tomlinson, William, and Richard Masters. Bookcloth 1823-1980 : a study of early use and the rise of manufacture, Winterbottom's dominance of the trade in Britain and America, production methods and costs, and the identification of qualities and designs. Cheshire, Eng.: D. Tomlinson, 1996.

Whorton, James C. The Arsenic Century: how Victorian Britain was poisoned at home, work, and play. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.

Funding Acknowledgments

The project team gratefully acknowledges the following support for the Poison Book Project:

• The University of Delaware Art Conservation Department for generously funding the design and first printing of our color swatch bookmark.

• Our many generous donors who supported the project during the Do More 24 Delaware fundraising campaign coordinated by the United Way in February, 2020.

• The ICON Fred Bearman Research Grant to support archival research into bookcloth manufacture in England.

Disclaimer

Copyright 2024. This article describes conservation procedures and is meant to be used as exchange of technical information among trained cultural heritage conservators, and the procedures described herein should not be performed by anyone who is not a trained professional. Further, any advice, graphics, images, and information contained in this page is presented for general educational and information purposes, and to increase safety awareness in connection with the storage and handling of aged books that may contain toxic chemicals, such as arsenic. The storage, handling, and other safety tips included in this page are suggestions only and have been collected by the Poison Book Project of The Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur Museum, Inc. after consultation with scientists and other experts in the conservation field. None of the content in this page has been subjected to a formal peer review and is not intended to be medical or other expert advice or services, and should not be used in place of consultation with appropriate professionals. The information contained in this page should not be considered exhaustive, and the user should seek the advice of appropriate professionals.

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