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| − | [[File:RBR_T690_L84t_3vols.jpg|right|frame|Emerald green bookcloth. Courtesy, Winterthur Library, Printed Book and Periodical Collection]] | + | [[File:RBR_T690_L84t_3vols.jpg|right|frame|Emerald green bookcloth on an 1852 imprint. Courtesy, Winterthur Library, Printed Book and Periodical Collection]] |
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| − | The Winterthur Poison Book Project is an ongoing investigation to explore the materiality of Victorian-era publishers’ bindings, with a focus on the identification of potentially toxic pigments used as bookcloth colorants.. | + | The Poison Book Project has moved to a new site. Please visit us at https://sites.udel.edu/poisonbookproject/. |
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| − | ==General Handling Tips for 19th-Century Cloth-Case Bindings==
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| − | Nearly 40% of the 19th-century, cloth-case bindings analyzed for this project to date contain lead in the bookcloth. Analysis of a range of bookcloth colors has also identified arsenic, barium, chromium, copper, iron, and mercury.
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| − | No matter which pigments or dyes may be present, it is best practice to avoid ingesting anything or touching the face while handling 19th-century, cloth-bound books. It is also best practice to wash hands after handling books, especially before eating, drinking, or smoking.
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| − | ==Emerald Green Bookcloth==
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| − | In early 2019, analysis of 19th-century, cloth-case publishers’ bindings at Winterthur Library revealed bookcloth colored with “emerald green,” or [https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/2981 copper acetoarsenite], an inorganic pigment known to be extremely toxic. This pigment’s popularity in England and the United States during the Victorian era is well documented. While the colorant was known to be widely used in textiles for home decoration and apparel, wallpaper, and toys, its use specifically in bookcloth had not been formally explored. Successful commercial bookcloths were a closely guarded trade secret during the nineteenth century, limiting our current understanding of their materiality and manufacture.
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| − | Conservation staff and interns at Winterthur Museum, Garden and Library conducted an initial survey of bookcloth pigments in the library’s circulating and rare book collections, further expanding their data set in cooperation with The Library Company of Philadelphia. Books published between 1837 and 1900, a time-period which aligns with the rising use of bookcloth on publishers' case bindings, were analyzed with X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy. When arsenic and copper were detected together, Raman spectroscopy was used to confirm copper acetoarsenite.
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| − | The first 200 books tested represented a range of vivid bookcloth colors. Thereafter, only books covered in green cloth were selected for analysis, in order to focus on arsenic and move through the collection more efficiently. Now that analysis of green bindings is complete, other colors of bookcloth continue to be analyzed in stages.
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| − | Nearly 350 green cloth bindings in the collections of Winterthur and The Library Company of Philadelphia were analyzed. Two books procured from second-hand booksellers were also included in the testing, and were confirmed to contain emerald green. In total, 39 green cloth bindings were found to contain arsenic. Quantitative analysis performed at the University of Delaware Soil Testing Lab indicated that emerald green bookcloth colorant is extremely friable and offsets a significantly detectable amount of arsenic. Emerald green publishers’ bindings present a health risk to librarians, booksellers, collectors, and researchers, and should be identified, handled, and stored with caution.
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| − | ==Trends in Use of Emerald Green Bookcloth==
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| − | Based on the data collected at Winterthur Library and The Library Company of Philadelphia, the following trends in the use of emerald green bookcloth have been identified:
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| − | [[File:EmeraldGreenSpineVariations.jpg|right|frame|Composite image showing color variation of emerald green bookcloth on book spines, likely a result of air pollution. Even when the color on the spine has oxidized and browned, the green cloth on the front and back covers remains vividly green. Courtesy, Winterthur Library, Printed Book and Periodical Collection]]
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| − | * Vibrant green bookcloth covering the boards (front and back covers)
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| − | * Vibrant green or faded brownish bookcloth on the spine
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| − | * Gold and blind stamped decoration, often paired with gilt textblock edges
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| − | * English or American imprint
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| − | * Publication date primarily between 1840s-1860s
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| − | * Variations on a morocco grain pattern are common, although other bookcloth grains have also been identified
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| − | We have developed a <b>color swatch bookmark</b> to aid in the visual identification of volumes potentially bound in emerald green bookcloth.
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| − | ==Emerald Green Color Swatch Bookmark==
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| − | As of July 2021, we have mailed over 580 bookmarks to 34 of the United States and 17 countries around the world. These bookmarks are intended to assist with visual identification of bookcloth which ''may'' be pigmented with copper acetoarsenite (emerald green). To receive a color swatch bookmark, please email [mailto:reference@winterthur.org?Subject=URL%20Encoded%20Subject&body=Body%20Text reference@winterthur.org] and write “Emerald Green Bookmark” in the subject line. Please include the following information in your email:
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| − | * Name
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| − | * Mailing address
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| − | * Daytime phone number
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| − | :''We will not share your contact information with third parties.''
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| − | ==Safe Handling & Storage Tips for Arsenical Books==
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| − | Avoid opportunities for ingestion or inhalation of emerald green pigment. Avoid eating, drinking, smoking, biting fingernails, or touching the face while handling potentially arsenical bookcloth.
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| − | <B>Wear nitrile gloves:</B>
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| − | Avoid handling suspected emerald green bookcloth with bare hands. Although arsenic is unlikely to be absorbed through the skin, it can offset onto the hands and be ingested or inhaled through touching the face or eating/drinking. Handling books with damp or sweaty hands can increase the risk of arsenic offsetting onto the skin.
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| − | <B>Wash hands:</B>
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| − | Even when using gloves, wash hands after handling suspected emerald green bookcloth.
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| − | <B>Isolate book for storage:</B>
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| − | If a book is suspected to be bound in emerald green bookcloth, seal the book in a zip-top, polyethylene baggie to limit handling and contain potentially friable pigment. Winterthur Library relocated arsenical books from its circulating collection to its rare book collection.
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| − | <B>Wipe down surfaces:</B>
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| − | Handle books bound in emerald green bookcloth on hard surfaces (such as a table), and avoid upholstered surfaces (such as an armchair). After handling, wipe down hard surfaces that have come into contact with the book using a damp, disposable cloth.
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| − | <B>For Conservators:</B>
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| − | A professional conservator performing a conservation treatment on a book bound in emerald green bookcloth should observe the same precautions as above. In addition, work under a certified chemical fume hood. If a chemical fume hood is not available, a second option is to conduct treatment using a ductless fume hood for particulates with a combination HEPA/charcoal filter. Be aware that the introduction of wet adhesives could cause arsenic to migrate in greater concentration toward the source of moisture.
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| − | ==Disaster Planning & Response for Arsenical Books==
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| − | Should a disaster situation arise involving fire or water, the risks associated with arsenical bookcloth increase. These risks can be mitigated with disaster planning and labeling. Consider storing arsenical books together in one storage area which can be clearly labeled for disaster responders, in addition to item-level caution labels on individual enclosures. While proper PPE should always be worn during salvage, make sure the need for PPE when handling arsenical books is emphasized in written disaster plans.
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| − | ==Arsenical Books List==
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| − | In the nineteenth century, not every book from the same edition would have been bound identically. Therefore, it is possible to have a book of the same edition listed below, but which is not bound in emerald green bookcloth. We provide this list of books bound in emerald green bookcloth as a starting point from which other institutions and private collectors may consider their own collections. This table includes information collected from bookmark recipients about possible emerald green bindings, as well as more conclusive identification by Winterthur and other institutions with access to XRF, Raman, and PLM. Visual identification of emerald green using a color swatch bookmark is understandably less reliable than instrumental analysis, so we have included the identification method(s) used for each book. This table was last updated on July 30, 2021. Updates about how to submit data to the project will be posted here in fall 2021.
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| − | {| class="wikitable"
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| − | ! OCLC No. !! Title !! Author !! Imprint !! Date !! Owner !! ID Method
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| − | | || Affection's Gift || || Philadelphia: Henry F. Anners || 1850 || The Library Company of Philadelphia || XRF
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| − | | || Angel Whispers; or, The Echo of Spirit Voices Designed to Comfort those who Mourn || Eddy, Daniel C. || Boston: Dayton & Wentworth || 1854 || private owner || Color swatch bookmark
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| − | |-
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| − | | || Angel Whispers || || Boston: Dayton & Wentworth || 1855 || The Library Company of Philadelphia || XRF
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| − | | || Angel Whispers || || Boston: Wentworth & Co. || 1856 || The Library Company of Philadelphia || XRF
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| − | | || Complete Poetical Works of William Cowper, Esq., The || || New York & Philadelphia: Appleton & Co. || 1845 || The Library Company of Philadelphia || XRF
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| − | | || Crystal Sphere: its forces and its beings, The || Sanders, J. Milton || London: Hippolyte Bailliere, 219, Regent Street, and 290, Broadway, New York. Paris: J.B. Bailliere, Rue Hautefeuille. Madrid: Bailly Bailliere, Calle del Principe. || 1857 || The Library Company of Philadelphia || XRF
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| − | | 54211672 || Elementary Instruction in the Art of Illuminating and Missal Painting on Vellum, etc, 4th edition || Laurent de Lara, D. || London: Ackermann & Co. Strand, and all booksellers || 1858 || Winterthur Library || XRF, Raman
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| − | | || Ellen; or, The Chained Mother || Harlan, Mary B. || Cincinnati. : Published for the author, by Applegate & Co. || 1855 || The Library Company of Philadelphia || XRF
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| − | | || Faggots for the Fireside || Goodrich, Samuel G. (Samuel Griswold), 1793-1860. || New York: D. Appleton & Co. || 1854 || The Library Company of Philadelphia || XRF
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| − | | || Floral Souvenir, A Perennial Gift || || Chambersburg, PA: Shryock, Reed & Co. || 1841 || The Library Company of Philadelphia || XRF
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| − | | || Friendship's Offering || || New York: Leavitt & Allen || 1856 || The Library Company of Philadelphia || XRF
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| − | | || Gem Annual, The || || Philadelphia : E. H. Butler & Co. || 1854 || Winterthur Library || XRF, Raman
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| − | | || Gift of Love || || Boston: J.Buffum || 1850 || The Library Company of Philadelphia || XRF
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| − | | || Golden Legacy to Daughters, or Advice to Young Ladies, A || || Boston: Higgins, Bradley and Dayton || 1857|| private owner || Color swatch bookmark
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| − | | || Grandpapa's Tales About Animals || Bland, James || Halifax [Eng.]: Milner and Sowerby || 1850 || private owner || XRF, Raman
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| − | | || Hoyle's Games || || Philadelphia: Henry F. Anners || 1845 || The Library Company of Philadelphia || XRF
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| − | | || Kanavagh: a tale, Illustrated || Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth || London: W. Kent & Co. (Late D. Bogue) 86, Fleet Street || 1858 || WUDPAC Study Collection || XRF, Raman
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| − | | || Leaflets of Memory || || New York: Leavitt & Allen || 1855 || The Library Company of Philadelphia || XRF
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| − | | || Liberty Bell, The || || Boston: National Anti-Slavery Bazaar || 1856 || The Library Company of Philadelphia || XRF
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| − | | || Macaulay's Lays of Ancient Rome || Macaulay, Thomas Babington || Philadelphia: E. H. Butler & Co. || 1854 || The Library Company of Philadelphia || XRF
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| − | | || Military Journal of Major Ebenezer Denny || || Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott & Co. || 1859 || The Library Company of Philadelphia || XRF
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| − | | || My Own Garden || Mrs. Loudon || London: Kerby & Son || 1855 || Winterthur Library || XRF, Raman
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| − | | || Nellie Gray, or Ups and Downs of Everyday Life || || Philadelphia: American Sunday School Union || 1855 || The Library Company of Philadelphia || XRF
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| − | | 4272866 || Nothing to Eat, Illustrated || Jenkins, Edward O. || New York: Dick and Fitzgerald || 1857 || Winterthur Library || XRF, Raman
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| − | | || Oasis, or Golden Leaves of Friendship, The || Ferguson, N.L., Ed. || Boston : Dayton and Wentworth, 86 Washington Street || 1855 || The Library Company of Philadelphia || XRF
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| − | | || On Human Longevity and the Amount of Life Upon the Globe || Flourens, P. (Pierre), 1794-1867. || London: New York: H. Bailliere, Publisher || 1855 || The Library Company of Philadelphia || XRF
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| − | | || Patent Hat, The || Ballou, Ellis, d. 1903. || New-York: : Published for the author by Carlton and Phillips, 200 Mulberry-St. || 1855 || The Library Company of Philadelphia || XRF
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| − | | || Plants of the Holy Land || Osborn, Henry S. || Philadelphia : Parry & McMillan || 1860 || Winterthur Library || XRF, Raman
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| − | | || Poems of Oliver Goldsmith, The || || London and New York: George Routledge & Co. || 1859 || The Library Company of Philadelphia || XRF
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| − | | || Rambles About Boston; or, Efforts to do Good || || Boston: New England Sabbath School Union (Heath and Graves) || 1856 || private owner || Color swatch bookmark
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| − | | || Rosebud, The || || New York: Leavitt & Allen || 1856 || The Library Company of Philadelphia || XRF
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| − | | || Rosebud, The || || New York: Leavitt & Allen || 1856 || The Library Company of Philadelphia || XRF
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| − | | || Rural Annual and Year-Book of Country Life || || New York: Leavitt & Allen || 1856 || The Library Company of Philadelphia || XRF
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| − | | 4799738 || Rustic Adornments for Homes of Taste, 2nd edition || Hibberd, Shirley || London: Groombridge & Sons || 1857 || Winterthur Library || XRF, Raman
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| − | | || Snowflake: a Christmas, New Year, and birthday gift, for MDCCCLIV || || Philadelphia: E. H. Butler & Co. || 1854 || The Library Company of Philadelphia || XRF
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| − | | || Sweet Home; or: Friendship's Golden Altar || || Boston: L.P. Crown & Co.; Philadelphia: J.W. Bradley || 1856 || The Library Company of Philadelphia || XRF
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| − | | 1044734 || Tallis's history and description of the Crystal palace, and the Exhibition of the world's industry in 1851; illustrated by beautiful steel engravings, from original drawings and daguerreotypes by Beard, Mayall, etc || Tallis, John || London & New York: J. Tallis and co. || 1852 || Winterthur Library || XRF, Raman
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| − | | 1044734 || Tallis's history and description of the Crystal palace, and the Exhibition of the world's industry in 1851; illustrated by beautiful steel engravings, from original drawings and daguerreotypes by Beard, Mayall, etc || Tallis, John || London & New York: J. Tallis and co. || 1852 || Winterthur Library || XRF, Raman
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| − | | 1044734 || Tallis's history and description of the Crystal palace, and the Exhibition of the world's industry in 1851; illustrated by beautiful steel engravings, from original drawings and daguerreotypes by Beard, Mayall, etc || Tallis, John || London & New York: J. Tallis and co. || 1852 || Winterthur Library || XRF, Raman
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| − | | || Wanderers by Sea and Land, The || Goodrich, Samuel G. (Samuel Griswold), 1793-1860. || New York: D. Appleton & Co. || 1854 || The Library Company of Philadelphia || XRF
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| − | | || Winter Wreath of Summer Flowers, A || Goodrich, Samuel G. (Samuel Griswold), 1793-1860. || New York: D. Appleton & Co. || 1854 || The Library Company of Philadelphia || XRF
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| − | | || Works of Robert Burns, The || || New York: Leavitt & Allen || 1856 || The Library Company of Philadelphia || XRF
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| − | |}
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| − | ==Methodology & Results of Analysis==
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| − | English-language books published between 1837 and 1900, a time-period which aligns with the rising use of bookcloth on publishers' case bindings, were identified at Winterthur Library through the WinterCat OPAC. The first 200 books tested represented a range of vivid bookcloth colors. Thereafter, only books covered in green cloth were selected for analysis, in order to focus on arsenic and move through the collection more efficiently. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) was used to collect elemental information from bookcloths. When arsenic and copper were found together, Raman spectroscopy was used to confirm copper acetoarsenite. A total of 406 books from the Winterthur collection were analyzed, and ten were confirmed to contain copper acetoarsenite. An additional two books procured from second-hand booksellers tested positive for arsenic and copper.
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| − | The Library Company of Philadelphia shelves its Americana collection chronologically according to publication date. Volumes were selected for testing by visual scan of the shelves in the appropriate date range (1830s through 1900). Approximately 80 books bound in green bookcloth or with green paper onlays were tested using handheld XRF. Spectra and bibliographical data were saved for each volume which showed the presence of arsenic and copper. A total of 28 books from the Library Company collection were found to contain arsenic.
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| − | The University of Delaware Soil Testing Lab performed quantitative analysis on a destructive sample from one Winterthur Library volume and measured significant levels of arsenic. Quantitative analysis for arsenic on a dry cotton swab rolled across the surface of the bookcloth indicated that the bookcloth colorant is extremely friable and offsets a significantly detectable amount of arsenic.
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| − | In an effort to explore additional techniques for the reliable identification of emerald green, bookcloth colorants were analyzed by polarized light microscopy. Samples were removed from seven books that had been previously analyzed by XRF and Raman spectroscopy. The books were selected and sampled by researchers other than the microscopist in order to emulate the analysis of unknown pigments. Examination in plane- and cross-polarized light conclusively and correctly identified emerald green as the colorant in three of the samples, and found a mixture of Prussian blue and chrome yellow in the other four. While all optical characteristics observed in the samples were considered in the interpretation of the results, the presence of spherulites was the most distinctive diagnostic in the identification of emerald green. Tips and recommendations for sampling, sample preparation, and analysis by PLM were compiled into a document available upon request from mtedone[at]winterthur[dot]org or rgrayburn[at]winterthur[dot]org.
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| − | ==Project Researchers==
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| − | Lead Conservator: [https://www.artcons.udel.edu/faculty/winterthur-faculty/tedone Dr. Melissa Tedone]
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| − | Lead Scientist: [https://www.artcons.udel.edu/faculty/winterthur-faculty/RGrayburn Dr. Rosie Grayburn]
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| − | Winterthur Team:
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| − | : Emily Guthrie, Winterthur Library Director and NEH Librarian for Printed Books & Periodicals
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| − | : Mina Porell, Winterthur Postgraduate Fellow in Paintings Conservation
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| − | : Meghan Abercrombie, Winterthur Intern
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| − | : Philip DePaola, Winterthur Intern
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| − | : Layla Huff, Winterthur Intern
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| − | : Sara Leonowitz, Winterthur Intern
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| − | : Jess Ortegon, WUDPAC Fellow
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| − | : Esther Weyer, Winterthur Intern
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| − | Bookmark Designer:
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| − | : Karissa Muratore, WUDPAC Fellow
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| − | Consultants:
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| − | : Michael Gladle, Director, University of Delaware Environmental Health & Safety
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| − | : Karen Gartley, Research Manager/Program Director, University of Delaware Soil Testing Program
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| − | Contributing Institutions
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| − | : The Library Company of Philadelphia (Jennifer Rosner, Head of Conservation)
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| − | ==Project Publications & Presentations==
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| − | Tedone, Melissa and Rosie Grayburn. [https://vimeo.com/552025570 "It Ain't Easy Being Green: The Poison Book Project"]. The Grolier Club. May 11, 2021.
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| − | Tedone, Melissa. Toxic Tomes in Context: 19th-century Decorated Cloth Bindings. Objects Up Close series (virtual). Winterthur Museum, Garden & Library. March 16, 2021.
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| − | Tedone, Melissa. "Toxic Tomes: A Hidden Hazard in the Victorian Home." Pre-recorded lecture. Virtual Delaware Antiques Show Lecture Series. November 7-14, 2020.
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| − | Tedone, Melissa. Arsenic and Old Bookcloth: A Hidden Hazard in Victorian-Era Books. Presentation for Winterthur Collector's Circle Virtual Salon Series. September 2, 2020.
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| − | Tedone, Melissa, and Rosie Grayburn. "Arsenic and Old Bookcloth: The Safe Handling, Treatment, and Storage of Victorian-Era Cloth Case Bindings." [https://www.culturalheritage.org/membership/groups-and-networks/book-and-paper-group/about-the-annual/bpgannual ''Book and Paper Group Annual'' 39 (2020)].
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| − | Tedone, Melissa, and Rosie Grayburn. Arsenic and Old Bookcloth: The Safe Handling, Treatment, and Storage of Victorian-Era Cloth Case Bindings. American Institute for Conservation 48th Annual Meeting (June 30, 2020).
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| − | Tedone, Melissa, and Rosie Grayburn. Winterthur Poison Book Project. Presented virtually at the ICON Book and Paper Annual General Meeting (June 3, 2020).
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| − | Tedone, Melissa. [https://www.iiconservation.org/system/files/publications/journal/2020/b2020_2.pdf "Poison Book Project"]. ''IIC News in Conservation'' 77. April-May, 2020. 10-13.
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| − | Tedone, Melissa, and Rosie Grayburn. Poison Book Project: Analyzing Toxic Pigments in Victorian-Era Bookcloth. Lightning-round presentation at Safety and Cultural Heritage Summit, Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington DC (October 30, 2019).
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| − | | |
| − | ==Further Reading==
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| − | [https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/2981 "Copper Acetoarsenite."] NOAA <i>CAMEO Chemicals</i> version 2.7.1. rev 1. Accessed February 13,2020. https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/2981
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| − | Gehle, Kim. [https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=1&po=0 “Arsenic Toxicity.”] Environmental Health and Medicine. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry, last modified January 15, 2010. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=1&po=0
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| − | Lundblad, Kristina. <i>Bound to be modern : publishers' cloth bindings and the material culture of the book, 1840-1914.</i> Trans. Alan Crozier.
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| − | New Castle, DE : Oak Knoll Press, 2015.
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| − | Krupp, Andrea. <i>Bookcloth in England and America, 1823-50.</i> New Castle, DE: Oak Knoll Press; London: British Library; New York: Bibliographical Society of America, 2008.
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| − | Tomlinson, William, and Richard Masters. <i>Bookcloth 1823-1980 : a study of early use and the rise of manufacture, Winterbottom's dominance of the trade in Britain and America, production methods and costs, and the identification of qualities and designs</i>. Cheshire, Eng.: D. Tomlinson, 1996.
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| − | Whorton, James C. <i>The Arsenic Century: how Victorian Britain was poisoned at home, work, and play.</i> Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.
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| − | ==Funding Acknowledgments==
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| − | The project team gratefully acknowledges the following support for the Poison Book Project:
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| − | *The [https://www.artcons.udel.edu/ University of Delaware Art Conservation Department] for generously funding the design and first printing of our color swatch bookmark.
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| − | *Our many generous donors who supported the project during the Do More 24 Delaware fundraising campaign coordinated by the United Way in February, 2020.
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| − | *The [https://icon.org.uk/groups/book-paper/fred-bearman-research-grant ICON Fred Bearman Research Grant] to support archival research into bookcloth manufacture in England.
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| − | | |
| − | ==Disclaimer==
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| − | <div style="background-color: #CCCCB2; border: 1px solid black; padding: 1ex; margin: 1ex">
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| − | <span style="color:black;">
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| − | Copyright {{CURRENTYEAR}}. This article describes conservation procedures and is meant to be used as exchange of technical information among trained cultural heritage conservators, and the procedures described herein should not be performed by anyone who is not a trained professional. Further, any advice, graphics, images, and information contained in this page is presented for general educational and information purposes, and to increase safety awareness in connection with the storage and handling of aged books that may contain toxic chemicals, such as arsenic. The storage, handling, and other safety tips included in this page are suggestions only and have been collected by the Poison Book Project of The Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur Museum, Inc. after consultation with scientists and other experts in the conservation field. None of the content in this page has been subjected to a formal peer review and is not intended to be medical or other expert advice or services, and should not be used in place of consultation with appropriate professionals. The information contained in this page should not be considered exhaustive, and the user should seek the advice of appropriate professionals.
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| − | In no event shall The Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur Museum, Inc. or its trustees, officers, affiliates, and employees, be liable for any liability, loss, injury, or risk (including, without limitation, incidental and consequential damages, personal injury/wrongful death, lost profits, or damages) which is incurred or suffered as a direct or indirect result of the use of any of the material, advice, guidance, or services on this site, whether based on warranty, contract, tort, or any other legal theory and whether or not The Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur Museum, Inc. or any of its trustees, officers, or employees is advised of the possibility of such damages. THE HENRY FRANCIS DU PONT WINTERTHUR MUSEUM, INC., TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW, DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, STATUTORY OR OTHERWISE, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, NON-INFRINGEMENT OF THIRD PARTIES’ RIGHTS, AND FITNESS FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
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| − | </span>
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| − | </div>
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